De belangrijkse Britse uitspraak Patel waar altijd naar verwezen wordt die het gedwongen te vertrekken of de keuze te in het geval van de zorg voor een ouder inzake Zambrano en Chavez belicht

 

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION)
ON APPEAL FROM
THE UPPER TRIBUNAL (IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM CHAMBER),
JUDGE HANSON AND DEPUTY JUDGES DRABU AND HARRIS

		Royal Courts of Justice Strand, London, WC2A 2LL
		13/12/2017

B e f o r e :

LORD JUSTICE LINDBLOM
LORD JUSTICE IRWIN
and
LADY JUSTICE THIRLWALL
____________________

Between:

	NILAY PATEL	Appellant
	- and –
	THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT
	And Between :
	THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT	Appellant
	- and -
	(1) ADIL SHAH (2) NABIL BOUROUISA	Respondents

____________________

Thomas Roe QC and Rowan Pennington-Benton (instructed by Farani Taylor Solicitors) for the Appellant Nilay Patel
David Blundell (instructed by The Government Legal Department) for the Respondent to Patel
Julia Smyth (instructed by The Government Legal Department) for the Appellant in the matters of Adil Shah and Nabil Bourouisa
Zane Malik (instructed by Lincolns Solicitors) for the Respondent Shah
Nabil Bourouisa appeared as a Litigant in Person
Hearing dates: 12 and 13 July 2017
____________________

HTML VERSION OF JUDGMENT APPROVED

Neutral Citation Number: [2017] EWCA Civ 2028
		Case Nos: C9/2016/1660, C9/2015/3917, C9/2015/3673

 

1. I turn to the case of Patel. Here, it seems to me that a number of the arguments advanced by the Appellant, with great respect to Mr Roe and Mr Pennington-Benton, were misconceived. I agree that the approach to such a case must be "nuanced", if by that it is meant that there must be a full enquiry into the facts, and full consideration of the detail. But if the implication is that the test for a dependent adult must be weaker than for a dependent child, I reject that. It must be obvious, as Mr Blundell submits, that the combination of the legal enshrinement of the best interests of the child and the legal, as well as moral, obligation of parents to care for their children, mean that such a distinction cannot be right.
2. I recognise the force of the submission that, if State provision in terms of medical or social services care is both a right of the dependent adult and in fact available, then the class of dependent adults who can demonstrate "compulsion" to follow a non-British carer abroad may be limited. I also recognise that devotion to and care of elderly, frail parents is to be applauded and praised, not condemned. It is clear that Mr Patel is to be praised for his admirable care of his parents. But I do not see any error in the legal approach taken by either the F-tT or the UT in this case. The question remains compulsion.
3. And it further seems to me that the evidence in this case was too equivocal to amount to compulsion, however one looked at the matter. There was absolutely no doubt as to the parents' devotion to their son, or his to them. Were he to leave to India, there was no doubt that the parents said they would follow, despite the findings below, but that really represented their cultural and individual commitment to each other. That, again, is choice not compulsion.
4. Objectively, the choice was, and presumably still is, a difficult choice. The evidence was there was no house existing and no extended family in India. Therefore that would mean, presumably, selling up in Britain and a transfer of resources to India. Part of the Appellant's case was that medical facilities would be more limited in India, as I have indicated above. However, if remaining in England, the parents will be faced with medical and social care support that is likely to be lesser in quality (and certainly more impersonal) than the care currently provided by their son. UTJ Hanson considered, on the evidence he heard, it was inevitable the parents would in fact remain. But even if that were wrong, this situation can in no way be regarded as one of compulsion to leave.
5. During the hearing, we asked the Secretary of State to consider in what circumstances compulsion might arise in respect of adult dependents of those without residence: if there were none, might the regulation so interpreted be a dead letter, forcing a different interpretation to preclude redundancy? Mr Blundell's response accepts that this category of cases might be very narrow. However, he did proffer examples. Where the family share a rare blood group, and blood transfusion or bone marrow transplants might be required, it might be arguable that the carer should remain. He also instanced a British adult citizen with severe autism, dependent for all his care on a third country national relative, where it would be intolerable for the identity of the carer to change. It is clear Mr Blundell was intending to give examples rather than an exhaustive survey. For myself, I would instance significant psychological dependence derived from any well-documented and recognised psychological condition, as a possible example. There may be more. The point is that the category exists, and there can be no argument that the regulation must have an expanded reading in order to avoid redundancy.
6. For those reasons, I would reject Ground 1 in the case of Patel.
7. As to Ground 2, it seems to me that the conclusion of UTJ Hanson that the Appellant's parents would remain may have been somewhat over-definite. It may have underestimated their strength of feeling about being cared for by their son, as opposed to being cared for by people who are as yet strangers to them. However, if there was an error, it was not material to his conclusions in the case. At the very least, the case represented a very difficult choice for the Appellant's parents. They were not obliged to leave in any sense. Hence, I would dismiss the appeal in Patel.

 https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2017/2028.html

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