Younas (section 117B(6)(b);
Chikwamba;
Zambrano)
[2020] UKUT 129 (IAC)
Before
THE HON. MR JUSTICE LANE, PRESIDENT
UPPER TRIBUNAL JUDGE HANSON
UPPER TRIBUNAL JUDGE SHERIDAN
Between
UZMA YOUNAS
(NO ANONYMITY DIRECTIOn MADE)
Appellant
And
THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT
122.
In
Zambrano, as
well as the subsequent CJEU cases interpreting and developing the
derivative right of residence described therein, the children in
question faced indefinite exclusion from the territory of the Union. In
these cases, it followed inextricably (and therefore was not in dispute)
that the children, if compelled to leave the UK, would be deprived of
the genuine enjoyment of the substance of Union citizenship rights
protected by Article 20 TFEU.
123. However, in this appeal, in contrast, the appellant and her daughter will be outside the Union (in Pakistan) for only a temporary period (of up to 9 months). Whilst in Pakistan the appellant's daughter will be deprived of the enjoyment of the substance of her Union citizenship rights. The deprivation she will face, however, is only theoretical because if she were to remain in the UK for this temporary period it is extremely unlikely that, as a young child attending nursery, she would engage in any activities (such as moving within the Union) where her rights as a Union citizen would be relevant. The question to resolve, therefore, is whether it is enough that she will be temporarily deprived of the genuine enjoyment of her rights as a citizen of the Union in a theoretical sense.
124.
As far as we are aware this question has not been considered in any European or UK cases. However, in
Patel, the Supreme Court, after considering the CJEU's
Zambrano jurisprudence,
concluded that the test of compulsion is "a practical test to be
applied to the actual facts and not to a theoretical set of facts".
Given that the assessment of whether a child will be compelled to leave
the Union for the purposes of Article 20 TFEU must be based on the
actual facts (rather than any hypothetical or theoretical scenarios), it
follows that the assessment of whether a child, as a result of being
compelled to leave the territory of the European Union, will be
deprived of his or her genuine enjoyment of the rights conferred by
Article 20 TFEU in accordance with
Zambrano falls
to be assessed by considering the actual facts (including how long a
child is likely to be outside the territory of the Union), rather than
theoretical possibilities.
125.
Accordingly, we find that it is not contrary to the principle in
Zambrano
for the appellant's daughter to be compelled to leave the UK with the
appellant because she and the appellant will re-enter the UK several
months later and any loss of enjoyment of the substance of her Union
citizenship rights (which will be limited to that temporary period) will
only be theoretical.
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