Informatie over het Nederlandse vreemdelingenrecht en nationaliteitsrecht, inburgering, diversiteit, expats, vluchtelingen en gezinshereniging enz. Maar ook vacatures voor juristen die bezig willen houden in een internationale setting of zich in het vreemdelingenrecht willen verdiepen.
- immigration law blog on Dutch visa, residence permits, citizenship, nationality etc. -
Redactie mevr. mr M.W.W. Raspe (berichten uit de media zijn niet altijd ook haar mening)
Migration began with our origin as the human species and continues today. Each chapter of world history features distinct types of migration. The earliest migrations spread humans across the globe. Over the centuries, as our cultures, societies, and technologies evolved in different material environments, migrants conflicted, merged, and cohabited with each other, creating, entering, and leaving various city-states, kingdoms, empires, and nations. During the early modern period, migrations reconnected the continents, including through colonization and forced migrations of subject peoples, while political concepts like "citizen" and "alien" developed. In recent history, migrations changed their character as nation-states and transnational unions sought in new ways to control the peoples who migrated across their borders.
This volume will explore the process of migration chronologically and also at several levels, from the illuminating example of the migration of a individual community, to larger patterns of the collective movements of major ethnic groups, to the more abstract study of the processes of emigration, migration, and immigration. This book will concentrate on substantial migrations covering long distances and involving large numbers of people. It will intentionally balance evidence from the now diverse people's of the world, for example, by highlighting an exemplary migration for each of the six chapters that highlights different trajectories and by keeping issues of gender and socio-economic class salient wherever appropriate. Further, as a major theme, the volume will consider how technology, the environment, and various polities have historically shaped human migration. Exciting new scholarship in the several fields inherent in this topic make it a particularly valuable and timely project.
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Children’s drawings are an accessible and compelling image of
the mandatory detention of children in isolated camps. Is that why they
carry so much weight in the media?
Pictures drawn by children detained on Christmas Island, given
to the Australian Human Rights Commission as part of the National
Inquiry into Children in Immigration Detention 2014.
Australian Human Rights Commission Flickr Page, CC BY-ND
The recent publication of The Forgotten Children report of the Australian Human Rights Commission included 13 drawings by detained asylum seekers aged between four and 17.
The drawings have been widely reproduced in recent media coverage of the report, as well as on social media campaigns.
Other visual components of the report, such as the many charts clearly
depicting the length of child detention and their deterioration in
mental health have not been republished.
Even the photographic evidence of guards physically restraining and
removing children in Christmas Island have only been reproduced in one article.
Children’s drawings are an accessible and compelling image of the
tragedy of mandatory detaining of children in isolated camps. Their use
in media coverage of a commonwealth inquiry raises a number of questions
about the status of drawing as truth, and the credibility of drawing
compared to photography and video footage.
They also raise questions about the relationships between drawing and
language and common understandings of drawing and childhood.
Photographic evidence inside detention centres is difficult to
obtain. Camera devices are generally prohibited from most centres, or
their use is restricted to specific recording procedures such as the
video footage mentioned earlier.
But the ubiquity of digital and social media has made it much easier to smuggle photographic images from detention centres, and visitors and individuals from other organisations have been able to photograph children from the perimeter of some detention centres in Darwin and Nauru.
Although photographs of child asylum seekers in detention have been published in the media and used on the cover of the Forgotten Children report, they have not been distributed as widely as the drawings.
Photographs of children are discomforting, and contradict the belief
that children are innocent, and incapable of giving or withholding
consent to emigration, detention or photography.
Paediatric psychology has a long history of encouraging children to
generate drawings of traumatic events, and children’s drawing have also
been used in legal cases. Children are not deemed as suitable witnesses
for providing legal testimony, and cross examination or interrogation of
a child by an adult is regarded as traumatising and inappropriate.
By contrast, drawing is deemed as a safe and therapeutic activity for
children to engage in, akin to play, and less tainted with the coercive
implications of written or oral testimony.
The drawings published in the report and media coverage were obtained by the Human Rights Commission
during interviews with family groups where children were supplied with
paper and textas and “asked to draw something about their life”. Staff
collecting the drawings asked the children for permission to publish
them while their parents were present, and presumably able to attest to
their child’s consent.
Although many children wrote their names and ages on the drawings, names were concealed in the public release of the drawings in May and August 2014, as well as in the report itself.
Much like the use of witness sketching during courtroom hearings,
drawing seems to be a more discrete and respectful representation of
children in detention. Unlike courtroom illustrations, all of drawings
in the report were done by children, and were symbolic rather than
observational. Picture drawn
by children detained on Christmas Island, given to the Australian Human
Rights Commission as part of the National Inquiry into Children in
Immigration Detention 2014.
Click to enlarge
Although drawing is a valuable form of communication among adult
asylum seekers with limited English, or limited writing ability in any
language, drawings by adult asylum seekers are only published in the
context of refugee art exhibitions.
The value of drawings is less as visual evidence of the conditions of
child detention, and more as testimony of the emotional response to
detention. The status of the drawings as testimony is embedded in the
visible relationship between drawing and written language. Many drawings
include words scrawled in childlike handwriting:
Waitin, I am sad. I want to die. I am 16. Help.
Drawing and language combine to produce a reminder of a particular
moment of inscription; what we “see” is the trace, remainder and
reminder of a particular moment where we imagine a child writing this,
drawing the bars around themselves, drawing their tears, and writing:
I want to die.
The searing emotional intensity of words like “I sad, Help Me”, is
intensified by the bright texta colour, the awkward handwriting and the
misspelling. The drawings juxtapose scribbled bars, sad faces and tears
with the stick figures, bright coloured triangle dresses, pigtails and
spiky suns that feature in the drawings displayed on the fridges or
workplaces of many parents.
They evoke a visual language that we associate with home, care, love,
play and innocence. Possibly this is why they have more coverage than
drawings by adult asylum seekers.
Like almost any image, our interpretation of drawings by children in
detention is framed by their context, and information such as where they
were drawn, who by, and in what conditions. The intense power of the
drawings by child detainees is as a haunting reminder of the banal
intimacy of drawings by familiar children that we love.
They offer emotive testimony and insist that viewers bear witness to
the trauma and tragedy of the mandatory detention of all asylum seekers.
Interessant artikel? Deel het eens met uw netwerk en help mee met het verspreiden van de bekendheid van dit blog. Er staan wellicht nog meer artikelen op dit weblog die u zullen boeien. Kijk gerust eens rond. Zelf graag wat willen plaatsen? Mail dan webmaster@vreemdelingenrecht.com
In verband met geldwolven die denken geld te kunnen claimen op krantenartikelen die op een blog als deze worden geplaatst maar na meestal een dag voor de krantenlezers aan leeswaardigheid hebben ingeboet terwijl wij vreemdelingenrecht specialisten ze soms wel nog jaren gebruiken om er een kopie van te maken voor een zaak ga ik over tot het plaatsen van alleen het eerste stukje. Ja ik weet het: de kans dat u doorklikt is geringer dan wanneer het hele artikel hier staat en een kopie van het orgineel maken handig kan zijn voor uw zaak.
Wilt u zelf wat overnemen van dit weblog. Dat mag. Zet er alleen even een link bij naar het desbetreffende artikel zodat mensen niet alleen dat wat u knipt en plakt kunnen lezen maar dat ook kunnen doen in de context.
New global campaign launched to end immigration detention of children
(Brussels, 20 March 2012) – Today, the International Detention Coalition (IDC) launched a global campaign to end the immigration detention of children by presenting a new report, Captured Childhood, at the Human Rights Council in Geneva.
Amnesty International, ECRE and the Jesuit Refugee Service Europe strongly support this campaign, and request governments to put an end to a widespread practice which, as the IDC report shows, has devastating effects on the physical and psychological development of children. The IDC estimates that there are hundreds of thousands of children in detention every year.
“The devastating effects of immigration detention on the mental and physical health of children have been evidenced beyond dispute. Detention of children must be stopped”, said Nicolas Beger, Director of Amnesty International’s European Institutions Office.
In a study carried out by JRS Europe in 2010, it was found that the mental health of nearly 90 percent of children interviewed had been negatively affected, while several of them also told of suffering from verbal and physical abuse while in detention.
“The prison-like environment of a detention centre puts children at a severe risk of long-lasting physical and psychological harm. A detention centre is no place for a child”, said Michael Schöpf, Director of JRS Europe.
At the European level, the European Court of Human Rights has found that detention of children solely for immigration purposes not only violates their right to liberty but also amounts to torture and inhuman or degrading treatment.
AI, ECRE and JRS Europe appeal to the EU member states to build on these decisions and take the necessary measures to end the immigration detention of children. The EU institutions must ensure that the current review of EU asylum legislation takes these considerations into account and includes a clear ban on the immigration detention of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children. For families with children alternatives to detention should be in place.
“The EU institutions must show leadership and take the opportunity of the negotiations to amend the current EU asylum legislation to set the standard and adopt a legal framework that rules out the detention of asylum-seeking children”, said Allan Leas, ECRE’s Acting Secretary-General.
**ENDS**
Contact information
Philip Amaral
Policy and Communications Officer
JRS Europe
Tel: +32 2 250 32 23
Email: europe.advocacy@jrs.net
Background information
The Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) is an international Catholic organisation present in 50 countries around the world, with a mission to accompany, serve and advocate for refugees and forced migrants. JRS Europe’s 2010 study, Becoming Vulnerable in Detention, is based on interviews with 685 detained asylum seekers and irregular migrants in 21 EU countries.
Amnesty Internationalis a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights.
The European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) is a pan-European Alliance of 70 non-governmental organisations in 30 countries working to promote the rights of those who seek international protection in Europe.
The International Detention Coalitionis an international non-governmental organisation with 258 members in 50 countries. Members provide legal, social, medical and other services, carry out research and reporting, and do advocacy and policy work on behalf of refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers.
Detention of children condemned by the Strasbourg Court
Tabitha was 5 years old when she was detained, alone, in Transit Centre no. 127 in Brussels for almost two months, before being removed to Democratic Republic of Congo. She had arrived with an uncle who was to take her to Canada to join her mother, a refugee. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that there had been a violation of Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman treatment) of the European Convention on Human Rights, both on account of Tabitha’s detention and on account of her deportation to her country of origin; and a violation of Article 8 (right to respect of private and family life) both on account of Tabitha’s detention and her deportation. At the end of October 2002 Tabitha joined her mother in Canada following the intervention of the Belgian and Canadian Prime Ministers.
Mrs Muskhadzhiyeva and her four children were detained in Belgium for a month pending their transfer to Poland, in application of the Dublin Regulation. The European Court of Human Rights found that the children's detention had amounted to inhuman treatment (Art. 3) because the centre was ill-suited for children and because of their vulnerability. The Court also held that the detention was not necessary in this case and that it therefore breached the children's right to liberty and security (Art 5.1). Since this judgment, Belgium has stopped the immigration detention of families, though this may resume after the construction of new facilities.
Eivas Rahimi, from Afghanistan, was 15 years old when he was arrested in Lesbos, Greece, after crossing the border illegally. Eivas claimed he was not given information on his right to apply for asylum and that he was detained with adults, in appalling conditions. He was released after two days and travelled to Athens where he remained homeless for several days. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that his detention conditions and the lack of care after his release amounted to degrading treatment (Art 3). The Court also condemned the automatic application of detention, without consideration for the best interests of Eivas, as well as the absence of effective remedies (Art 5.1 and 5.4).
